Category: pharmaceutical

Dr. Yang Yuanping, a domestic medical expert, pointed out that compared with previous hypoglycemic products, "hypoglycemic polypeptide" technology has four advantages: 1.
Two, protect the islet;
Three, high safety;

4. Good synergy.
   Concretely reflected in the following aspects: First

Activates "inert" insulin and lowers blood sugar.
Part of the patient's insulin has structural defects, insulin activity loss, can not play a role normally, known as the "inert" insulin.
"Hypoglycemic polypeptide" can activate "inert" insulin, recover its activity, normally participate in glucose metabolism, improve the human body's own ability to use and transform blood glucose, and steadily reduce blood glucose.

The second

Protect islet cells and inhibit islet failure.
The increase of insulin that can participate in sugar metabolism, the islet does not have to secrete too much insulin as before, the burden of islet is reduced, the islet can get necessary rest, and then play the role of protecting the islet and inhibiting the failure of the islet.
The third

Reduce chemical dependence.
The islet is recuperated, the function of the existing islet is gradually recovered, and its ability to regulate blood sugar is enhanced, thus reducing the dependence of human body on drugs accordingly. On this basis, patients can reduce the dosage and variety of chemical drugs to reduce the damage of drugs to the body.
The fourth

Correct the three metabolic disorders, prevent the generation of complications.
The improvement of the conversion and utilization ability of blood sugar can not only effectively improve the disorder of glucose metabolism, but also play a positive role in regulating the disorder of fat and protein metabolism.
Patients only need to properly control their diet, which is not only conducive to the supplement of daily nutrition, but also can enhance the patient's constitution, delaying and reducing the occurrence of complications.

When it comes to "anaesthesia", you are not unfamiliar. From the familiar "Hua Tuo San" developed by Hua Tuo, the "general anesthesia", "local anesthesia", and "lumbar hemp" that are used in daily life. Do you understand? Today Onion Class will explain the anesthesia to everyone, and answer some common questions about anesthesia for everyone.

Clinical anesthesia is roughly divided into general anesthesia, local anesthesia and spinal canal anesthesia according to its method of use.

Anesthesia is not a sleep with a needle, the work of the anesthesiologist runs through the perioperative period.

Adults undergoing elective surgery should fast for 8 hours and drink for 4 hours before surgery.

The application effect of painless gastrointestinal endoscopy is better than that of ordinary gastrointestinal endoscopy.

General anesthesia has little effect on intelligence.

First Anesthesia

Anesthesia is a reversible functional inhibition of the central nervous system and/or peripheral nervous system produced by drugs or other methods, causing the patient to temporarily lose sensation in whole or in part, thereby making surgery or diagnostic treatment painless. Clinical anesthesia can be roughly divided into three categories: general anesthesia, local anesthesia and intraspinal anesthesia according to the method of use.

general anesthesia

Anesthesia enters the body through inhalation, veins, etc., temporarily inhibits the central nervous system, and makes consciousness disappear. It is collectively called general anesthesia, referred to as general anesthesia. In simple terms, general anesthesia is to wake up (unconsciousness) + no pain )+ Weakness, because the whole body muscles relax, weak breathing, you need to use a ventilator, and the heart muscle has a special structure and can continue to beat. These three states are mainly caused by three different types of drugs. When the drug is metabolized or excreted from the body, the patient's consciousness and various reflections gradually recover.

Local anesthesia

Use local anesthetics to block spinal nerves, nerve plexus, or nerve endings, and anesthetize the innervation area without affecting the patient's consciousness. It is suitable for epidermal surgery, small area surgery, short surgery, etc., such as lipomaectomy, trauma debridement Suture, cosmetic surgery, etc.

Spinal anesthesia

Injecting anesthetic drugs into the subarachnoid space or epidural space of the spinal canal, the spinal nerve root is blocked, and the corresponding area innervated by the nerve root is anesthetized. Broadly speaking, it also belongs to "local anesthesia", such as painless delivery Commonly used drug analgesia is intraspinal anesthesia (epidural block or combined lumbar and hard block).

Onions answer questions

Would you like to take a shot and get a nap if you are under anesthesia?

In addition to alleviating the patient's discomfort such as pain during the operation, the anesthesiologist's job runs through the entire preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative period. Before the operation begins, the anesthesiologist needs to perform a pre-anaesthesia assessment for the patient and perform anesthesia; during the operation, the anesthesiologist monitors and regulates the patient's breath, heart rate, blood pressure, etc. to ensure the safety of the patient's life during the operation and complete the operation successfully; Let the patient safely get rid of the anesthesia, perform postoperative analgesia on the patients in need, so that the patient can recover without pain, comfort and safety. Therefore, anesthesia is not as simple as taking a shot and going to sleep.

Why do anesthesiologists ask so many questions before the operation?

The primary responsibility of the anesthesiologist is to ensure the safety of the patient’s life. Most anesthesia drugs have a significant effect on the vital organs and system functions of the body, such as the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Therefore, safe anesthesia begins before surgery. The pre-anaesthesia evaluation and preparation work can greatly resolve the risk of surgical anesthesia, ensure the smooth operation of the operation, and ensure the patient's smooth recovery after surgery. Therefore, patients should actively cooperate with the anesthesiologist's preoperative evaluation for their own health and safety.

Why not eat or drink before surgery?

The purpose of fasting before surgery is to avoid gastric reflux and vomiting during the perioperative period. The aspiration of reflux of gastric contents can cause acute respiratory tract obstruction and secondary pneumonia. Complications such as dyspnea and choking are threatened. life safety. Generally, for adults undergoing elective surgery, fasting for 8 hours, fasting for 4 hours, fasting for children (milk) for 4-8 hours and water for 2-3 hours are required. Everyone must follow the doctor's advice.

Are painless gastrointestinal mirrors better than ordinary gastrointestinal mirrors?

During the application of common gastrointestinal endoscopy, the patient's nausea, vomiting, pain and other reactions are more obvious, resulting in low compliance of the patient's examination, and some patients will request to terminate the operation. In addition, for older patients, the degree of tolerance is lower and the risk is greater.

Painless gastrointestinal endoscopy generally uses intravenous general anesthesia (non-intubation), which can minimize the discomfort of the patient's diagnosis and treatment and ensure the smooth progress of the diagnosis and treatment process. In addition, after the patient receives anesthesia, the gastrointestinal peristalsis will be further suppressed, which is The diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal endoscopy is more advantageous, therefore, the application effect of painless gastrointestinal endoscopy is better than ordinary gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Does general anaesthesia reduce people's intelligence?

The general anesthesia drugs used in modern times have minimal impact on the human body, and the suppression of the central nervous system is reversible. After the operation, it is excreted by the human body metabolism, and the patient's consciousness and various reflections gradually recover. Every year, millions of people worldwide use general anesthesia for surgery. Practice has proved that under the correct use of professionals, general anesthesia will have little effect on intelligence.

In the antiviral treatment of hepatitis B, interferon or nucleoside, which is the preferred drug?

To prevent the replication of hepatitis B virus, we can have antiviral treatment, and can alleviate the inflammation of liver tissue, reduce the risk of patients to develop liver cancer, so antiviral treatment is the most important for chronic hepatitis B patients.

Nowadays, there are two kinds of antiviral treatments for hepatitis B: interferon and nucleoside.

So how should the patient choose?

Is interferon the first choice for patients?

1. Interferon

Learn about interferons

Interferon is divided into peg-interferon and ordinary interferon, it is the earliest against hepatitis b virus drugs in clinical application, its mechanism of action is to strengthen the body's antiviral immunity, it itself is a kind of protein, not eliminate the virus, it need to be with people inside the cell surface to produce interferon receptor combination, make the body's own cells to produce antibodies, reach the purpose of preventing HBV replication, in addition, interferon can strengthen immunity, increase immunity, and the way we can by injecting drug delivery.

2. Nucleoside analogues

Learn about nucleoside analogues

The drugs for clinical application in the late 1990 s, it can directly kill the virus, from the short-term effect, it is better than that of interferon, so after the drug application and get the favour of the patients, the mechanism of action of nucleoside analogues is by interfering with HBV nucleoside acid metabolism directly inhibit the replication of the hepatitis b virus, it can be taken by mouth, now at the beginning of the new guidelines recommend cure preferred nucleoside analogues as: entecavir (ETV), tenofovir ester (TDF) and fumaric acid drug tenofovir (TAF).

After comparing the two drugs, we can find that both drugs have their own advantages and disadvantages, and we need to choose according to our own needs.

Liver luo xin pill -- a Chinese patent medicine for kidney tonifying nourishing the liver and anti-liver fiber, with a full prescription of 20 medicines, has an exact effect on chronic hepatitis b, liver fibrosis and early cirrhosis patients:

First, it can significantly improve the clinical symptoms, such as fatigue, waist and knee weakness, abdominal distension, dry mouth, etc.

Second, relieve liver inflammation and improve liver function;

Thirdly, it can resist liver fibrosis and inhibit the progression of cirrhosis.

Please take the medicine according to the doctor's advice

Procalcitonin (PCT) is an early diagnostic marker for severe bacterial infection and sepsis with diagnostic and prognostic properties.
Pct-guided antibiotic management has been shown to reduce antibiotic use and improve clinical outcomes.
Expert consensus on PCT guidance for antibiotic management has been published in Europe and the United States to provide guidance for the use of PCT guidance for antibiotic treatment.
However, due to differences in infection types, patient populations, available resources and clinical standards in asia-pacific countries, the guidelines in the consensus need to be revised in order to be applicable in asia-pacific countries.
Using Delphi method, the Asia-Pacific expert group reached two consensus on the application of PCT in critical and non-critical patients.

The use of PCT to guide antibiotic management in patients with acute respiratory infections and sepsis is also applicable in the Asia-Pacific region.
The application of PCT in non-severe (mild to moderate) and severe (severe) patients is shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

First, patients should be stratified according to clinical criteria and probability of bacterial infection (infection is uncertain and highly suspected).
Then, the PCT level was applied to evaluate the patients, and the critical PCT value of non-critical patients was & LT;
0.25 mu g/L;
The critical PCT value of severe patients was & LT;
0.5 g/L suggests low possibility of bacterial infection.

Low PCT levels are not recommended in non-severe patients with low risk of bacterial infection.
In critically ill patients undergoing empirical antibiotic treatment, PCT should be revisited 6-24 hours later to reassess the need for antibiotic treatment.
Therefore, the purpose of PCT testing in critically ill patients is to discontinue antibiotics rather than to enable antibiotic therapy.

Continuous testing of PCT levels to monitor responses to antibiotic treatment and infection control is recommended for patients starting empirical antibiotic therapy.
When PCT level drops from peak & GT;
When 80% and/or below the critical value and the patient is clinically stable, early discontinuation of antibiotics is recommended.

Due to the lack of systematic PCT guidance and antibiotic management studies in patients with clinically suspected tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, haemorrhagic fevers and other diseases with high prevalence in the asia-pacific region.
The panel noted that management of these patients should be based on clinical evidence and international recommendations, and that PCT should not be used to guide any antibiotic use decision.

For outpatient and emergency patients, initial PCT levels help assess the likelihood of bacterial infection and the need for antibiotic treatment.
Highly sensitive real-time diagnostic equipment enables rapid decision making.
 

Integrating PCT into antibiotic management can improve the diagnosis and management of patients with respiratory infections and sepsis, reduce the global bacterial resistance crisis and provide guidance for more personalized treatment decisions in asia-pacific countries where antibiotic overuse is a serious problem.